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ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic
Details

Topic 1

Machine Learning ML: This section includes the classification and regression as part of supervised learning, explaining the factors involved in the selection of ML algorithms, and demonstrating underfitting and overfitting.

Topic 2

Methods and Techniques for the Testing of AI-Based Systems: In this section, the focus is on explaining how the testing of ML systems can help prevent adversarial attacks and data poisoning.

Topic 3

ML Functional Performance Metrics: In this section, the topics covered include how to calculate the ML functional performance metrics from a given set of confusion matrices.

Topic 4

Testing AI-Specific Quality Characteristics: In this section, the topics covered are about the challenges in testing created by the self-learning of AI-based systems.

Topic 5

Neural Networks and Testing: This section of the exam covers defining the structure and function of a neural network including a DNN and the different coverage measures for neural networks.

Topic 6

Using AI for Testing: In this section, the exam topics cover categorizing the AI technologies used in software testing.

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ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q11-Q16):

NEW QUESTION # 11
Pairwise testing can be used in the context of self-driving cars for controlling an explosion in the number of combinations of parameters.
Which ONE of the following options is LEAST likely to be a reason for this incredible growth of parameters?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Different Road Types
B. Different weather conditions
C. Different features like ADAS, Lane Change Assistance etc.
D. ML model metrics to evaluate the functional performance

Answer: D

Explanation:
Pairwise testing is used to handle the large number of combinations of parameters that can arise in complex systems like self-driving cars. The question asks which of the given options is least likely to be a reason for the explosion in the number of parameters.
Different Road Types (A): Self-driving cars must operate on various road types, such as highways, city streets, rural roads, etc. Each road type can have different characteristics, requiring the car's system to adapt and handle different scenarios. Thus, this is a significant factor contributing to the growth of parameters.
Different Weather Conditions (B): Weather conditions such as rain, snow, fog, and bright sunlight significantly affect the performance of self-driving cars. The car's sensors and algorithms must adapt to these varying conditions, which adds to the number of parameters that need to be considered.
ML Model Metrics to Evaluate Functional Performance (C): While evaluating machine learning (ML) model performance is crucial, it does not directly contribute to the explosion of parameter combinations in the same way that road types, weather conditions, and car features do. Metrics are used to measure and assess performance but are not themselves variable conditions that the system must handle.
Different Features like ADAS, Lane Change Assistance, etc. (D): Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and other features add complexity to self-driving cars. Each feature can have multiple settings and operational modes, contributing to the overall number of parameters.
Hence, the least likely reason for the incredible growth in the number of parameters is C. ML model metrics to evaluate the functional performance.
Reference:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 9.2 on Pairwise Testing discusses the application of this technique to manage the combinations of different variables in AI-based systems, including those used in self-driving cars.
Sample Exam Questions document, Question #29 provides context for the explosion in parameter combinations in self-driving cars and highlights the use of pairwise testing as a method to manage this complexity.

NEW QUESTION # 12
Which of the following problems would best be solved using the supervised learning category of regression?

A. Predicting shopper purchasing behavior based on the category of shopper and the positioning of promotional displays within a store.
B. Recognizing a knife in carry on luggage at a security checkpoint in an airport scanner.
C. Determining the optimal age for a chicken's egg laying production using input data of the chicken's age and average daily egg production for one million chickens.
D. Determining if an animal is a pig or a cow based on image recognition.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Understanding Supervised Learning - RegressionSupervised learning is a category of machine learning where the model is trained on labeled data. Within this category,regressionis used when the goal is to predict a continuous numeric value.
* Regressiondeals with problems where the output variable is continuous in nature, meaning it can take any numerical value within a range.
* Common examples include predicting prices, estimating demand, and analyzing production trends.
* (A) Determining the optimal age for a chicken's egg-laying production using input data of the chicken's age and average daily egg production for one million chickens.#(Correct)
* This is a classicregression problembecause it involves predicting a continuous variable:daily egg productionbased on the input variablechicken's age.
* The goal is to find a numerical relationship between age and egg production, which makesregression the appropriate supervised learning method.
* (B) Recognizing a knife in carry-on luggage at a security checkpoint in an airport scanner.#(Incorrect)
* This is animage recognition task, which falls underclassification, not regression.
* Classification problems involve assigning inputs to discrete categories (e.g., "knife detected" or
"no knife detected").
* (C) Determining if an animal is a pig or a cow based on image recognition.#(Incorrect)
* This is anotherclassification problemwhere the goal is to categorize an image into one of two labels (pig or cow).
* (D) Predicting shopper purchasing behavior based on the category of shopper and the positioning of promotional displays within a store.#(Incorrect)
* This problem could involve a mix ofclassificationandassociation rule learning, but it does not explicitly predict a continuous variable in the way regression does.
* Regression is used when predicting a numeric output."Predicting the age of a person based on input data about their habits or predicting the future prices of stocks are examples of problems that use regression."
* Supervised learning problems are divided into classification and regression."If the output is numeric and continuous in nature, it may be regression."
* Regression is commonly used for predicting numerical trends over time."Regression models result in a numerical or continuous output value for a given input." Analysis of Answer ChoicesReferences from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study GuideThus,option A is the correct answer, as it aligns with the principles of regression-based supervised learning.

NEW QUESTION # 13
The activation value output for a neuron in a neural network is obtained by applying computation to the neuron.
Which ONE of the following options BEST describes the inputs used to compute the activation value?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Individual bias at the neuron level, and activation values of neurons in the previous layer.
B. Activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.
C. Individual bias at the neuron level, activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.
D. Individual bias at the neuron level, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.

Answer: C

Explanation:
In a neural network, the activation value of a neuron is determined by a combination of inputs from the previous layer, the weights of the connections, and the bias at the neuron level. Here's a detailed breakdown:
* Inputs for Activation Value:
* Activation Values of Neurons in the Previous Layer:These are the outputs from neurons in the preceding layer that serve as inputs to the current neuron.
* Weights Assigned to the Connections:Each connection between neurons has an associated weight, which determines the strength and direction of the input signal.
* Individual Bias at the Neuron Level:Each neuron has a bias value that adjusts the input sum, allowing the activation function to be shifted.
* Calculation:
* The activation value is computed by summing the weighted inputs from the previous layer and adding the bias.
* Formula: z=#(wi#ai)+bz = sum (w_i cdot a_i) + bz=#(wi#ai)+b, where wiw_iwi are the weights, aia_iai are the activation values from the previous layer, and bbb is the bias.
* The activation function (e.g., sigmoid, ReLU) is then applied to this sum to get the final activation value.
* Why Option A is Correct:
* Option A correctly identifies all components involved in computing the activation value: the individual bias, the activation values of the previous layer, and the weights of the connections.
* Eliminating Other Options:
* B. Activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons: This option misses the bias, which is crucial.
* C. Individual bias at the neuron level, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons: This option misses the activation values from the previous layer.
* D. Individual bias at the neuron level, and activation values of neurons in the previous layer: This option misses the weights, which are essential.
References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 6.1, Neural Networks, discusses the components and functioning of neurons in a neural network.
* "Neural Network Activation Functions" (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 6.1.1).

NEW QUESTION # 14
Which ONE of the following combinations of Training, Validation, Testing data is used during the process of learning/creating the model?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Training data - validation data - test data
B. Validation data - test data
C. Training data * test data
D. Training data - validation data

Answer: A

Explanation:
The process of developing a machine learning model typically involves the use of three types of datasets:
Training Data: This is used to train the model, i.e., to learn the patterns and relationships in the data.
Validation Data: This is used to tune the model's hyperparameters and to prevent overfitting during the training process.
Test Data: This is used to evaluate the final model's performance and to estimate how it will perform on unseen data.
Let's analyze each option:
A . Training data - validation data - test data
This option correctly includes all three types of datasets used in the process of creating and validating a model. The training data is used for learning, validation data for tuning, and test data for final evaluation.
B . Training data - validation data
This option misses the test data, which is crucial for evaluating the model's performance on unseen data after the training and validation phases.
C . Training data - test data
This option misses the validation data, which is important for tuning the model and preventing overfitting during training.
D . Validation data - test data
This option misses the training data, which is essential for the initial learning phase of the model.
Therefore, the correct answer is A because it includes all necessary datasets used during the process of learning and creating the model: training, validation, and test data.

NEW QUESTION # 15
In a conference on artificial intelligence (Al), a speaker made the statement, "The current implementation of Al using models which do NOT change by themselves is NOT true Al*. Based on your understanding of Al, is this above statement CORRECT or INCORRECT and why?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. This statement is correct. In general, what is considered Al today may change over time.
B. This statement is incorrect. What is considered Al today will continue to be Al even as technology evolves and changes.
C. This statement is incorrect. Current Al is true Al and there is no reason to believe that this fact will change over time.
D. This statement is correct. In general, today the term Al is utilized incorrectly.

Answer: A

Explanation:
* A. This statement is incorrect. Current AI is true AI and there is no reason to believe that this fact will change over time.
AI is an evolving field, and the definition of what constitutes AI can change as technology advances.
* B. This statement is correct. In general, what is considered AI today may change over time.
The term AI is dynamic and has evolved over the years. What is considered AI today might be viewed as standard computing in the future. Historically, as technologies become mainstream, they often cease to be considered "AI".
* C. This statement is incorrect. What is considered AI today will continue to be AI even as technology evolves and changes.
This perspective does not account for the historical evolution of the definition of AI . As new technologies emerge, the boundaries of AI shift.
* D. This statement is correct. In general, today the term AI is utilized incorrectly.
While some may argue this, it is not a universal truth. The term AI encompasses a broad range of technologies and applications, and its usage is generally consistent with current technological capabilities.

NEW QUESTION # 16
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